Many of the independence movements also received support from the Soviet Union and China, and thus became caught up in the Cold War, a period of heightened political tensions between the two world superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, that lasted from 1945 to 1990. These freedom fighters could not afford to set up regular armies, so they turned to terrorism as an inexpensive way to conduct their wars. Some used the American Revolution (1775–83) as a model. At the end of World War II, some people in the English and French colonies were determined to achieve national independence. They conquered the native peoples then brought in European settlers, governing the new territories from distant capitals. During the nineteenth century, European nations (particularly Great Britain and France) controlled huge stretches of Africa and Asia as colonial powers. One set of conflicts arose over the concept of nationalism, the desire to break away from one's current country and found a new, independent nation. T he end of World War II (1939–45) saw the start of a half century of worldwide conflicts, many of which used the tactics of terrorism.
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